Impact of Motivation-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about the Impact of Motivation in diminishing Employee turnover in working Organization. Answer: Presentation Inspiration is the factor that builds up a need and vitality in a person to accomplish an objective and satisfy a motivation behind an undertaking. Inspiration chips away at numerous levels in a business association (Maslow 2013). An organization conducts different occasions and gatherings so as to stay in contact with the asset and in the way additionally keep them propelled to work. It is a theoretical vision which drives an individual to accomplish better outcomes it tends to be from the senior to junior level it very well may be from the point to accomplish deals edge or overall revenue (Elliot, Dweck and Yeager 2017). Workers are the quality of an association paying little heed to the scale, industry or the market estimation of the organization. It is significant for a business association to put forth attempts of holding prepared and gifted workers. Representative turnover is the measure of asset that leaves and joins the association in a particular timeframe. The cost unshaven by the association in this change of an individual joining up with an association and leaving the association for reasons unknown it might be is now and again colossal and impacts the activity of the organization in an enormous manner. It is determined by a straightforward recipe which states is representative turnover = number of individuals who leave/normal number of workers. There are two kinds of representative turnover the deliberate where the asset is energetically leaves the association and the automatic turnover where an individual is ended from the agreement by the association (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson 2 012). A portion of the fundamental effect of huge representative turnover is regarding efficiency, decrease in client administrations, benefit over the long haul and expanded expense (Hausknecht and Holwerda 2013). About the association Credit Suisse is a global monetary establishment that has it central command situated in Zurich. It was built up in the year 1856 and now it has its branches in around 50 nations. There are right around 47,170 representatives who work in the association everywhere throughout the world. There are three divisions in the organization that serve the customers as indicated by their necessities. The three divisions are Swiss Universal Bank, International Wealth Management and Asia Pacific. Since commencement the association has accumulated altruism from the customers and furthermore as a work environment structure the representatives (Stanley 2013). Motivation behind exploration The reason for this exploration is to comprehend the manner in which inspiration influences the outlook of the workers. The examination will talk about how propelled and motivated representatives can positively affect the assets that are discontent with the association (Co?ar, Guner and Tybout 2016). A worker who is troubled or is wanting to leave the association perpetually will have a low creation and will likewise make others think along these lines. It is dependent upon the administration to care for the government assistance of the representatives and to talk about the explanations behind their low execution so choices can be made to change and upgrade the profitability of the workforce (Herman, Huang and Lam 2013). The workforce of an association is its spine and thus consideration ought to be paid to their complaints and gripes. Moves ought to likewise be made with the goal that no assets feel adversely about the organization. This report expects to comprehend the effect of inspiration on staff turnover on hierarchical execution where Credit Suisse is the subject of contextual analysis. Coming up next are the goals that are to be deduced before the finish of this investigation: To perceive the measure of staff turnover at Credit Suisse To examine the impact of asset turnover on the exhibition of Credit Suisse To comprehend the improvement and technique plan that can be executed by the administration of Credit Suisse to diminish the measure of representative turnover and settle the general execution of the association To decide how inspiration and motivation acts a supporter with respect to the staff turnover issue This theme is huge to me as I am keen on business the board and need to be a business person later on. The staff turnover issue is an applicable issue which is frequently ignored by the administration until the issue has irritated to a point where it has serious impact on the creation and benefit of the organization. Climate an association is little or large the asset turnover is a touchy and dubious circumstance to deal with. There ought to be legitimate strategies and approaches set by the administration to manage such a measures. It has been seen that spurred and motivated representatives offer a more prominent creation and encourages the association to arrive at its objective. Reference List: Co?ar, A.K., Guner, N. also, Tybout, J., 2016. Firm elements, work turnover, and pay circulations in an open economy.The American Economic Review,106(3), pp.625-663. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R. also, Jackson, P.R., 2012.Management examination. Sage. Elliot, A.J., Dweck, C.S. also, Yeager, D.S. eds., 2017.Handbook of Competence and Motivation: Theory and Application. Guilford Publications. Hausknecht, J.P. also, Holwerda, J.A., 2013. When does representative turnover make a difference? Dynamic part arrangements, profitable limit, and aggregate performance.Organization Science,24(1), pp.210-225. Herman, H.M., Huang, X. what's more, Lam, W., 2013. For what reason does transformational administration make a difference for worker turnover? A multi-foci social trade perspective.The Leadership Quarterly,24(5), pp.763-776. Maslow, A.H., 2013.A hypothesis of human inspiration. Simon and Schuster. Stanley, L., Vandenberghe, C., Vandenberg, R. what's more, Bentein, K., 2013. Responsibility profiles and worker turnover.Journal of Vocational Behavior,82(3), pp.176-187.

Women In The Geisha Society Cultural Studies Essay

Ladies In The Geisha Society Cultural Studies Essay At the point when we talk about Japan we envision a high developmet nation with morden tehnology, vehicles, phones so on. Yet, the greatest business in Japan isn't shipbuilding, creating refined pearls, or assembling transistor radios or cameras. It is amusement And geisha is a significant part of Japanese culture, and their rich exhibitions continue pulling in numerous individuals from around the world.geisha is a significant part of Japanese culture, and their exquisite exhibitions continue drawing in numerous individuals from around the globe. What do we think about geisha? In mid seventeenth-century Japan (some time before the word geisha was ever utilized), the forerunner of the geisha was a blend of on-screen character and prostitute and took a shot at the stages set in the dry riverbed of the River Kamo in Kyoto. The line among on-screen character and whore was hazy, as the ladies would perform sensual moves and productions for their crowds. This new sort of execution was named kabuku, which means to be wild and over the top. The moves were called kabuki, and this was the start of kabuki theater. Customary Japanese perspectives on sex were exceptionally loose. It was a general public that grasped sexual pleasures and where men were not obliged to be dedicated to their spouses. Truth be told it was socially adequate to be enamored with ones spouse, yet just when she was viewed as an expert lady. For sexual delight and sentimental connection, men didn't go to their spouses, yet to mistresses. So as to keep up this calling, the Japanese government made joy quarters where the mistresses could dwell and work and men could go to unwind and appreciate the diversion. These joy quarters immediately became glitzy amusement focuses that offered definitely something other than sex. The exceptionally practiced concubines of these regions engaged their customers by moving, singing, and playing music. Some were even prestigious artists and calligraphers. Continuously, they all got specific and the new calling, absolutely of diversion, emerged. It was close to the turn of the eighteenth century that the principal performers of the delight quarters, called geisha, showed up. The absolute first geishas were men, engaging clients standing by to see the most well known and talented mistresses. Around 1760, ladies started to join men in the craft of the geisha and immediately dwarfed the men. The main lady to utilize the term geisha was an Edo prostitute named Kikuya and turned into a full-time performer. Before long, numerous ladies, regardless of whether they sold sex or not, started utilizing the term geisha. The word geisha itself implies  «person of the artâ » There are two essential kinds of geisha. One is called tachicata who for the most part do customary Japanese move (mai). The other is called jikata who predominantly sing or play instruments. Tachikata are normally maiko (youthful geisha) and jikata are more established geisha ladies. The geisha areas are called hanamachi and some hanamachi were created close to sanctuaries and hallowed places where numerous ochay are found. Ochaya are little Japanese-style houses with wooden entryways, tatami floors, Japanese-style gardens, etc. They are not quite the same as those tea houses that only serve tea. Its a kind of feast house which rents spaces for evening gatherings, and geisha engage clients in ochaya rooms. Inside the perplexing universe of geisha, there is an exacting positioning framework. At the highest point of the rank are the terrific widows of the Gion area of Kyoto. These ladies view themselves as far above even the lower-positioning geisha of a similar city. In Kyoto there are, altogether, five geisha regions, otherwise called hanamachi or blossom towns. The geisha of these regions are visited by amazing specialists and legislators and are extravagant. At the furthest edge of range are the underground aquifer geisha. These geisha work in the spa resorts a nd are seen by generally Japanese as no superior to a typical whore. Generally, Geisha started their preparation at a youthful age. A few young ladies were attached to geisha houses (okiya) as youngsters. These young ladies were alluded to as hangyoku and were as youthful as nine years of age. This was not a typical practice in respectable locale and vanished during the 1950s with the outiawing of youngster work. The understudies are called maiko. A maiko is basically a student and is hence reinforced under an agreement to her okiya. The okiya supplies her with food, board, kimonos, obis, and different instruments of her exchange. Her preparation is over the top expensive and her obligation must be reimbursed to the okiya with the income she makes. This reimbursement may proceed after the maiko turns into an undeniable geisha and just when her obligations are settled is she allowed to move out to live and work freely. A maiko will begin her conventional preparing at work as a minarai, which actually implies learning by viewing. Before she can do this she should locate an onee-san more established sister. They ought to sit and see as the onee-san is grinding away. This is a manner by which she will pick up experiences of the activity, and search out potential customers. From her, they would learn methods, for example, discussion and gaming, which would not be educated to them in school. This stage keeps going just about a month or somewhere in the vicinity. After a brief timeframe the last of preparing starts. Maiko gain from their senior geisha tutor and chases after them to every one of their commitment. Since the onee-san shows her maiko everything about working in the hanamachi, her instructing is fundamental. The onee-san will show her legitimate methods of serving tea, playing shamisen, moving, easygoing discussion and that's only the tip of the iceberg. There are three significant components of a maikos preparing. The first is the conventional expressions preparing. This happens in uncommon geisha schools which are found in each hanamachi. The subsequent component is the diversion preparing which the maiko learns at different teahouses and gatherings by watching her onee-san. The third is the social expertise of exploring the mind boggling social snare of the hanamachi. This is done in the city. Formal welcome, endowments, and visits are key pieces of any social structure in Japan and for a maiko, they are essential for her to co nstruct the encouraging group of people she needs to get by as a geisha.Around the age of 20-22, the maiko is elevated to an undeniable geisha in a function called erikae . This could occur following two to five years of her life as a maiko or hangyoku, contingent upon at what age she appeared. She currently charges the maximum for her time. Geisha stay as such until they resign. In spite of the fact that geisha start their investigation of music and move when they are youthful and proceed with it for the duration of their lives. They could be as old as sixty and as yet learning the specialty of their calling. The move of the geisha has developed from the move performed on the kabuki stage. The wild and silly moves changed into a progressively inconspicuous, adapted, and controlled type of move. It is incredibly taught, like yoga. Each move utilizes signals to recount to a story and just an authority can comprehend the stifled imagery. For instance, a little hand signal speaks to perusing love letter, holding the side of a cloth in ones mouth speaks to coquetry and the long sleeves of the detailed kimono are regularly used to represent spotting tears. The move communicates something specific of womanliness however the little advances and the constrained scope of development. The moves are joined by conventional Japanese music. The shamisen, starting in Okinaw a, is a banjo-like three-stringed instrument that is played with a plectrum. It has particular, despairing sound that is regularly joined by woodwind. It takes a very long time to ace and just an accomplished geisha can play with the exactness and energy of an ace. All geisha are required to figure out how to play a shamisen. Alongside the shamisen and the flute, geisha likewise figured out how to play a ko-tsuzumi, a little, hourglass-formed shoulder drum, and the taiko, an enormous floor drum. Some geisha would move and play music, however would compose excellent, despairing sonnets. Others painted pictures that gave looks into the secretive existences of the geisha, and even others would make music. The specialty of the geisha is her primary diversion and is generally significant in her preparation. A geishas appearence changes all through her vocation, from innocent, vigorously made-up maiko, to the moresombre appearence of a more seasoned set up geisha. Today, the customary cosmetics of the understudy geisha is one of their most conspicuous attributes, however settled geisha for the most part just wear full white face cosmetics normal for maiko during extraordinary exhibitions. The customary cosmetics of a disciple geisha includes a thik white base with lipstick and red and dark accents around the eyes and eyebrows. Initially, the white base cover was made with lead, however after the revelation that it harmed the skin and caused awful skin and back issues for the more established geisha towards the finish of the Meiji Era, it was supplanted with rice powder. The use of cosmetics is difficult to consummate and is a tedious procedure. Cosmetics is applied before dressing to abstain from dirtying the kimono. Initial, a wax or oil substance, called bintsuke-abura, is applied to t he skin. Next, white powder is blended in with water into a glue and applied with a bamboo brush beginning from the neck and working upwards. The white cosmetics covers the face, neck, and chest, with a few unwhitened territories left on the scruff, to complement this customarily suggestive region, and a line of uncovered skin around the hairline, which makes the fantasy of a veil. After the establishment layer is applied, a wipe is praised everywhere throughout the face, throat, chest, the scruff and neck to expel overabundance dampness and to mix the establishment. Next the eyes and eyebrows are attracted. Generally, charcoal was utilized, however today, current beautifying agents are utilized. The eyebrows and edges of the eyes are shaded dark with a flimsy charcoal; a maiko likewise applies red around her eyes. The lips are filled in utilizing a little brush. The shading comes in

Surprisingly enjoyable experiences

Surprisingly enjoyable experiences Power tools East Campus brings to mind rollercoasters and huge construction projects. Fanciful monsters built up from wood and screws. Less so the things that are built, but more the ambition behind it, more the fact that it’s  possible, that you didn’t need a company and dozens of weeks, that a couple of undergrads working together could cobble one up. This year, for REX, one of the things being built was a fort.  No experience required, was the advertisement. Come and help out. The night I moved in there was only a hexagonal frame in the courtyard, and by the next afternoon they’ve put pillars and more stuff in the hexagonal frame and they looked ready to start the next layer. The plans say it would be  three storeys high. Imagine that:  three storeys. And the deadline was in a couple days. Part of me wanted to help, but part of me was scared. Sure, they said no experience required, but I still couldn’t bring myself to ask. The whole project just felt like something so huge and so untouchable, something so carefully and meticulously thought out, something for actual engineers, and not the unexperienced prefrosh I was. It felt like a ridiculously complicated task.And maybe another reason was just that power tools are scary, that drills and saws are grown-up tools, a thought drilled into my head when I was twelve, that it wasn’t safe, that it was  scary. And maybe another reason is that trying new things out, in general, is just scary, because how do you talk to people? How do you ask for help? What if I make a mistake? I don’t know why I tried doing it anyway. But there were five of us prefrosh who all wanted to try it and didn’t know how to help, and there was an upperclassman who was willing to teach us. It was far less scary and far less complicated than it was in my head. I mean, you put on a hard hat and wear glasses. To use a power saw, you align the wood, press a button, push it down, and it chops off the wood you need. To use a drill, you grab a screw, align it, press a button, push it down, and it drills the screw in. Do these a couple times and you have a railing. After a little training, it really wasn’t that hard. It’s meditative, even. The actions are repetitive, but fun. I came back the next day to help out, and the next day to help out some more. Despite using drills and screws and saws, despite loud noises and sawdust flying in the air and getting all over your shirt, I found it oddly relaxing. Live action role-playing I’ve always wanted to try out live action role-playing. Sure, there’s this stereotype that it’s a bunch of nerds who dress up and fight each other with foam swords. But it sounded like a lot of fun, like being the actor in a movie you don’t know the plot of. I was pretty excited to find out about the Assassin’s Guild, a live action role-playing group here, and I signed up for their first game, which was held last weekend. It’s set in the universe of Isaac Asimov’s robot novels. Some people’s roles were humans, and others were robots, and the robots generally followed the Three Laws of Robotics. The game space was pretty big, spanning three floors of five buildings01 buildings 24, 26, 34, 36, 38 . Part of my role involved confronting people, terse negotiation, and making compromises in order to achieve my character’s goals. There’s something about asking to talk with someone privately, making wild accusations, and getting information, which is pretty fun. Another part of my role was looking for items I wanted, which were in packets taped to the walls of the game space. Which meant that I searched all three floors of all five buildings. This was time-consuming. In order to actually acquire items, you’d have to do this “hacking” mechanic, which involved shuffling a deck of cards seven times and then laying them out. This was also pretty time-consuming. Towards the end, people got suspicious of me and decided to restrain me. The whole interaction looked something like this: a group of five people approach me. guy: Knock Out 2. other guy: Assist 2. guy: Knock Out 4. other other guy: Assisâ€" me: okay okay i get knocked out i sit on the floor. It was so fast I didn’t even see who they were. They then decided to search all of my items, which consisted of me handing them the slips of paper that were in my pockets. They also took my energy blaster, which consisted of me handing them my Nerf gun and my foam bullets. It was pretty fun. I still don’t understand everything that happened, but it was surprisingly fun, and I’d love to do more in the future. Square dancing A misleading name, because it’s less like dancing and more like trying to remember what a Star Thru is after doing a California Twirl and having to remember that you and your partner are called centers, and after changing location you guys are now called heads and then a Four Ladies Chain is called and you’re moving to another spot, and then the caller asks for the sides to promenade, but even if you and your partner are heads you have to move forward in order to make way for them, and then you’re asked to partner trade and you have to remember to pass right-to-right shoulder, and suddenly everyone’s clapping because an Allemande Left was called and you quickly go to position. If you don’t understand anything written above, that’s okay. It would still be representative of what it feels like. I got dragged into square dancing when one of the upperclassmen living on our floor invited me to go to the Tech Squares’s02 MIT’s square dancing club intro night. I had a vague idea of what square dancing was. The caller gives commands, and people move around according to these commands, but I didn’t really know anything else. Again,   no experience required, and it really was no experience required. By the end of the night I could follow along to a handful of basic calls, and I enjoyed it enough to sign up for square dancing as my PE class this quarter. 21W.022 That is the class number for  Writing and Experience: Reading and Writing Autobiography. It’s a CI-HW, which means that it’s a class that involves a lot of writing. The discussions we have in class are surprisingly lively. It’s completely unlike any of the humanities classes I had back in high school. Everyone’s contributing their ideas about the text, and it feels more like a discussion between us students, rather than a question-and-answer session led by the professor. I also find the topics interesting in a personal sense, since writing about myself through blogging has been an important part of my life, and the class has gotten me thinking about these things. 15.000 And  that is the class number for Explorations in Management. Its a class that meets from 7 to 9 on Monday nights. It’s a discovery class, so it only carries three units, and there’s not a lot of work. In our first meeting, Professor Andrew Lo gave a talk about how financial engineering can help fund biomedical research. And there were several  literally hair-raising moments during the talk. It was mind-blowing. I enjoyed that first meeting more than any of my other, more technical classes, which is really surprising to me, because I don’t know anything about Course 15, and only signed up for the class on a whim. I’m really looking forward to the rest of the class. And I could go on. I could tell you about how I went to a estimathon hosted by Traders at MIT, and had fun arguing with some people I just met about how many bus stops the MBTA has, or how much volume the Antarctic Ice Sheet had, and how the time went by surprisingly quickly. Or about the ESP worksession I went to on Wednesday night, where I helped diagnose some email problems, which was surprisingly fun. If I were to distill this whole blog post into a single line of advice, it would be this: try new things. The last few weeks have been a constant string of surprises, of things I never thought I would like, but enjoy a lot. It’s not the case that I enjoyed every new thing I tried. Auditioning for the Asian Dance Team made me realize that I didn’t enjoy learning dance routines. Going to some more Traders at MIT events made me realize that I didn’t really want to join their group, or at least, not now. Playing some games with the MIT Poker Club made me realize that I didn’t enjoy poker that much. Why try new things if there’s a chance you won’t enjoy them? I guess it’s because of the small chance that you will  enjoy them. If you try ten things, end up disliking nine of them, but liked the last one enough that you do it a hundred times, then it would have been worth it, wouldn’t it? There’s so many new experiences that MIT is offering, and I love how I can use this first semester to explore them. Post Tagged #help writing is hard buildings 24, 26, 34, 36, 38 back to text ? MIT’s square dancing club back to text ?

A Heartbreaking Discovery Of Being A Homeless Dog - 997 Words

A Heartbreaking Discovery There are things in life that we all take for granted. But, the truth is many of us have quite a bit to be thankful for. Take our bed, for example. Every night, we snuggle up under the covers without even thinking twice about those who don t have a bed to enjoy. Oftentimes, our pets also share our bed with us. But, what happens when we experience a bed for the very first time? What if your pet had never been on a bed before? What do you think would happen? After 7 years of being a homeless dog, Millie is rescued and finally gets to experience a bed for the first time. Check out her amazing reaction in this video. Strong as a Rock One thing we know about Dwayne Johnson is that he is a tough guy. I mean, the guy s nickname is The Rock, after all. We know him best for all his fabulous action movies that keep us on the edge of our seats. From these movies, it s easy to assume that he has always had this strong mentality, but this is not the case. Johnson actually grew up in very poor circumstances. His parents lived paycheck to paycheck and the family had very little going for them. When in this type of situation, it s easy to become discouraged and many have the tendency to give up. Unfortunately, this is exactly what his mother did when she attempted suicide. But, on this terrible day in his life, Johnson learned just how precious life really was, and it changed him forever. The Lord s Prayer The Lord s Prayer is a common prayer for peopleShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesyou might not currently be in a position to evaluate another individual’s work performance, if you are working, you’re more than likely to have your performance appraised. For that matter, each time you take an exam in a class, your performance is being evaluated. Consequently, it’s important for you to have an understanding of how it should work, and the potential problems that may exist. We begin Part 1 of this book with an emphasis on providing you with an overview of the ever-changing world of

Songs of Innocence and of Experience by William Blake

William Blake writes his poems in â€Å"Songs of Innocence and of Experience† in a manner of retrospective self-analysis. Blake writes, attempting to understand the differences and paradoxes that he has observed. In his poem â€Å"The Tyger†, Blake’s artful questioning of the paradoxes in creation is exemplified. Blake poses questions that he does not answer, however his purpose is almost certainly to come to terms with creation’s idiosyncrasies, and to come to a better understanding of existence. Although it is impossible for the selected stanzas to convey the entire meaning of the poem when isolated, they are emblematic of Blake’s use of literary devices. The poem makes strong use of imagery, literary allusion, and rhetorical questioning to explore the topic. By coordinating these literary devices, Blake is able to approach creation and the paradox of good and evil with unparalleled finesse and brevity. Imagery, although central to just about any work of literature, is used to truly remarkable effect in â€Å"The Tyger†. Through the use of language that evokes images of industry, Hell, and Heaven, Blake is able to make comparisons and create a dialogue that conveys profound meaning. Within the selected stanzas imagery is used in a fashion that is absolutely synecdochic. When Blake asks â€Å"What the hammer? What the chain?† he paints a very different image of creation, opposite to the more â€Å"romantic† image that many might have had in mind. This portrayal of creation as being moreShow MoreRelatedWilliam Blake Songs of Innocence Experience1256 Words   |  6 PagesSweeper† Songs of Innocence amp; Experience analysis with, William Blake In 1794 William Blake’s work was known and published as a collection of poems that were put together as one book called Songs of innocence amp; Songs of Experience. In the collection Blake titles a poem, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, and this one is viewed in two ways: Innocence and experience. In the book of innocence Blake shows how poor innocent children are being abused and mistreated during this time era. In Songs of innocenceRead MoreWilliam Blake in Contrast of Songs of Innocence and of Experience1452 Words   |  6 PagesEN 222-Intro to British Lit. II April 21, 2012 William Blake in contrast of Songs of Innocence and of Experience William Blake, an engraver, exemplified his passion for children through his many poems. Blake lived in London most of his life and many fellow literati viewed him as eccentric. He claimed to have interactions with angels and prophets, which had a great influence on his outlook of life. Blake believed all prominent entities, those being church, state, and government had become sick withRead MoreWilliam Blake s Songs Of Innocence And Experience1268 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience, printed in 1794, â€Å"represents the world as it is envisioned by what he calls ‘two contrary states of the human soul’† (Greenblatt, 1452). This collection of poetry is accompanied by pictures, which create a mutually reliant relationship that allows for complete understanding of Blake’s works. â€Å"To read a Blake poem without the pictures is to miss something important: that relationship is an aspect of the poem’s argumen t† (1452). Overall, Blake’s worksRead MoreSongs Of Innocence And Of Experience By William Blake Analysis868 Words   |  4 PagesSongs of Innocence and of Experience is the foundation of the work of one of the greatest. English poets and artists. The two sets of poems reveal what William Blake calls â€Å"the two contrary states of the human soul.† In both series, he offers clues to deeper meanings and suggests ways out of the apparent trap of selfhood, so that each reading provides greater insight and understanding, not only to the poems but also to human life. Throughout this poem, the logic of this poem favors experience ratherRead MoreAnalysis Of The Songs Of Innocence And Experience By William Blake1208 Words   |  5 Pagespoet William Blake. It was a city with no hope for poor people, and the government and church did little to help this. Among the poor were children working in slave-like conditions to feed their families and going to charity schools. Bl ake puts these children at the center of his piece to show the hypocritical nature of the church and how innocent people are suffering from it. He takes on two angles from the same topic: the event of Holy Thursday. By examining it from the lens of innocence, thenRead MoreThe Songs Of Innocence And Experience William Blake Analysis1751 Words   |  8 Pagesreligions have different gods, traditions, and ceremonies, but they all have one thing in common; people take different viewpoints of a religion to fit into their mindset. William Blake uses this idea to express how he believes people see Christianity and God. In his series named â€Å"The Songs of Innocence and Experience,† Blake creates the image of opposing views of similar situations. The poems show the views of the innocent and the experienced. The innocent takes on the roles to show how naivetyRead MoreSongs of Innocence and Songs of Experience by William Blake Essay example1126 Words   |  5 PagesUpon reading Wil liam Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, a certain parallel is easily discerned between them and Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. Blake, considered a radical thinker in his time, is today thought to be an important and seminal figure in the literature of the Romantic period. Being such a figure he has no doubt helped to influence many great thinkers throughout history, one of whom I believe is Carroll. There are many instances throughout Carroll’sRead MoreSongs of Good and Evil1545 Words   |  7 Pagesall describe William Blake’s life (Greenblatt, Abrams, Lynch, Stillinger). Blake was born November 28, 1757 in London, England and his artistic ability became evident in his early years. Blake had a very simple upbringing and had little education. His formal education was in art and at the age of fourteen he entered an apprenticeship with a well-known engraver who taught Blake his skills in engraving. In Blakeâ€℠¢s free time, he began reading writing poetry. At the age of twenty-one, Blake completed hisRead MoreWilliam Blake s The Tyger1132 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Blake’s â€Å"The Tyger† and Tragedies William Blake wrote a set of poems in his collection Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. Some of the poems in each collection were meant to be read together to show the difference between innocence and experience. Many people question why Blake wrote a two part series to his poems and what they could actually mean. Two specific poems, â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger,† were meant to be read together. â€Å"The Lamb† is a part of Blake’s Songs of Innocence andRead MoreEssay on Biography of William Blake1631 Words   |  7 Pagesinspire your work and success. William Blake was a famous artist, engraver and poet. However, it was not until 1863 that he became famous when Alexander Gilchrist published his biography(Blake, William, and Geoffrey Keynes).Blake and his poetry have been compared to Shakespeare (Kathleen Raine). As an artist Blake was equated to Michelangelo. Being born during the time of both the American and French Revolution, Willia m Blake was against both the Church and the State. Blake was a Dualist, believing the

Womens rights Free Essays

History of women’s rights See also: Legal rights of women in history and Timeline of women’s rights (other than voting) China The status of women In China was low, largely due to the custom of foot binding. About 45% of Chinese women had bound feet in the 19th century. For the upper classes, it was almost 100%. We will write a custom essay sample on Womens rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 1912, the Chinese government ordered the cessation of foot-binding. Foot-binding Involved alteration of the bone structure so that the feet were only about 4 inches long. The bound feet caused difficulty of movement, thus greatly limiting the activities of women. Due to the social custom that men and omen should not be near to one another, the women of China were reluctant to be treated by male doctors of Western Medicine. This resulted in a tremendous need for female doctors of Western Medicine in China. Thus, female medical missionary Dr. Mary H. Fulton (1854-1927)[3] was sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the Presbyterian Church (USA) to found the first medical college for women in China. Known as the Hackett Medical College for Women this College was located In Guangzhou, China, and was enabled by a large donation from Mr. Edward A. K. Hackett (1851-1916) of Indiana, USA. The College was aimed at the spreading of Christianity and modern medicine and the elevation of Chinese women’s social Greece The status of women in ancient Greece varied form city state to city state. Records exist of women in ancient Delphi, Gortyn, Thessaly, Megara and Sparta owning land, the most prestigious form of private property at the tlme. [8] In ancient Athens. omen had no legal personhood and were assumed to be part of the oikos headed by the male kyrios. Until marriage, women were under the guardianship of their father or other male relative. once married the husband became a woman’s kyrlos. As omen were barred from conducting legal proceedings, the kyrios would do so on their behalf. [9] Athenian women had limited right to property and therefore were not considered full c itizens, as citizenship and the entitlement to civil and political rights was defined in relation to property and the means to life. 10] However, women could acquire rights over property through gifts, dowry and inheritance, though her kyrios had the right to dispose of a woman’s property[11] Athenian women could enter into a contract worth less than the value of a â€Å"medimnos of barley’ (a measure of grain), allowing women to engage in petty trading. 9] Slaves, like women, were not eligible for full citizenship In ancient Athens, though In rare circumstances they could become citizens if freed. The only permanent barrier to citizenship, and hence full political and civil rights, in ancient Athens was gender. No women ever acquired citizenship In ancient Athens, and therefore women were excluded In principle and practice from ancient Athenian democracy. [12] By contrast, Spartan women enjoyed a status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the classical world. Although Spartan women were formally excluded from military and political life they njoyed considerable status as mothers of Spartan warriors. As men engaged in military activity, women took responsibility for running estates. Following protracted and 40% of all Spartan land and By the Hellenistic Period, some of the wealthiest Spartans were women. The unique thing about Patria Potestas was that it ad no age limits, according to Gaius a man could be consul, have a wife and children of his own and future prominence but as long as his father was alive was still under his potestas (power) and so could own nothing. Patria Potestas only ended with either the death of the father, or emancipation by him. Early in the Republic Manus Marriage ended the potestas for women, but during the middle and later Republic that form of marriage became rare, eventually disappearing completely. Marriage Under Law Rome had only two forms of marriage, and both had exactly the opposite view of legal effects. Manus Marriage was the earlier form of marriage and placed the woman under her husband’s manus legally standing in the position of a daughter. Under this type of marriage women could own nothing, and had little if any legal protections. On the other hand a woman assumed the position of her husband’s daughter in Manus Marriage making her agnatically instead of cognatically related to Manus, and was the opposite of Manus. Women married Sine Manu experienced no legal changes, so if her father was alive at time of marriage she continued to be his dependent and before the reign of Marcus Aurelius he could even force an end to he marriage. The lack of any legal change of status for the women meant that (provided their father had either died or emancipated them) they could own property, conduct most forms of business, and divorce her husband (without any reason needed). Legally speaking the only lack of independence a woman in Rome experienced in a marriage without Manus was from her father. The only legal issue related to marriage was dowry. A dowry was not required by law, but was usually provided by a father or if a father was nonexistent it would be whatever the bride wished to come out of her own estate. It was administered by the husband, but in the vent of a divorce he was required to provide either the dowry or the equivalent of it back to his wife. In the case of adultery, husbands got to keep portions of the dowry. Politics Legally speaking women were banned from politics. As with freedmen and slaves of the Imperial Family women of the imperial family gained some benefits from the fall of the Republic, but because the nature of the Principate was to hide dictatorship such power had to be subtle and kept out of the public eye when possible. The ban on women and politics was they could not vote or run for office (sine suffragio) enlist n the army, or represent somebody else in court, women speaking their minds was not considered politics and so some women like Hortensia managed to make appearances in politics without violating the law. Inheritance Rights Everyone under the potestas of another had equal rights of inheritance under Roman Law, and wills that did otherwise ran risks of being challenged and invalidated as negligent. Stoic Influence Stoic philosophies had a strong effect on the development of law in ancient Rome. The Roman stoic thinkers Seneca and Musonius Rufus developed theories of Just elationships (not to be confused with equality in society, or even equality) arguing that nature gives men and women equal capacity for virtue and equal obligations to act virtuously (a vague concept). Therefore they argued that men and women have an equal need for philosophical education. [20] Stoic theories entered Roman law first through the Roman lawyer and senator Marcus Tullius Cicero and the influence of stoicism and philosophy increased while the status of women improved under the Empire. [21] Religious scriptures Bible See Women in the Bible â€Å"Adam named his wife Eve, because she would become the mother of all the living. (Genesis 3:20) â€Å"Now Deborah, a prophet, the wife of Lappidoth, was leading Israel at that time. † Oudges 4:4) God chose a woman, Deborah, to lead Israel. Qur’an The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. feminism, and Sex segregation and Islam The Qur’an, revealed to Muhammad over the course of 23 years, provide guidance to the Islamic community and modified existing customs in Arab society. From 610 and 661, known as the early reforms under Islam, the Qur’an introduced fundamental reforms to customary law and ntroduced rights for women in marriage, divorce and inheritance. By providing that the wife, not her family, would receive a dowry from the husband, which she could administer as her personal property, the Qur’an made women a legal party to the marriage contract. [citation needed] While in customary law inheritance was limited to male descendents, the Qur’an introduced rules on inheritance with certain fixed shares being distributed to designated heirs, first to the nearest female relatives and then the nearest male relatives. 22] According to Annemarie Schimmel â€Å"compared to he pre-lslamic position of women, Islamic legislation meant an enormous progress; the woman has the right, at least according to the letter of the law, to administer the wealth she has brought into the family or has earned by her own work. â€Å"[23] The general improvement of the status of Arab women included prohibition of female infanticide and recognizing women’s full personhood. [24] Women were generally given greater rights than women in pre-l slamic Arabia[25][26] and medieval Europe. [27] Women were not accorded with such legal status in other cultures until centuries later. 28] According to Professor William Montgomery Watt, when seen in uch historical context, Muhammad â€Å"can be seen as a fgure who testified on behalf of women’s rights. â€Å"[29] The Middle Ages According to English Common Law, which developed from the 12th century onward, all property which a wife held at the time of a marriage became a possession of her husband. Eventually English courts forbade a husband’s transferring property without the consent of his wife, but he still retained the right to manage it and to receive the money which it produced. French married women suffered from restrictions on their legal capacity which were removed only in 1965. [30] In the 16th entury, the Reformation in Europe allowed more women to add their voices, including the English writers Jane Anger, Aemilia Lanyer, and the prophetess Anna Trapnell. English and American Quakers believed that men and women were equal. Many Quaker women were preachers. [31] Despite relatively greater freedom for Anglo-Saxon women, until the mid-19th century, writers largely assumed that a patriarchal order was a natural order that had always existed. 32] This perception was not seriously challenged until the 18th century when Jesuit missionaries found matrilineality in native North American peoples. [33] 18th and 19th century Europe The Debutante (1807) by Henry Fuseli; The woman, victim of male social conventions, is tied to the wall, made to sew and guarded by governesses. The picture reflects Mary Wollstonecraft’s views in A Vindication of the Rights of W oman, published in 1792. [34] Starting in the late 18th century, and throughout the 19th century, rights, as a concept and claim, gained increasing political, social and philosophical importance in Europe. Movements emerged which demanded freedom of religion, the abolition of slavery, rights for women, rights for those who did not own property and universal to political debates in both France and Britain. At the time some of the greatest thinkers of the Enlightenment, who defended democratic principles of equality and challenged notions that a privileged few should rule over the vast majority of the population, believed that these principles should be applied only to their own gender and their own race. The philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau for example thought that it was the order of nature for woman to obey men. He wrote â€Å"Women do wrong to complain of the inequality of man-made laws† and claimed that â€Å"when she tries to usurp our rights, she is our First page of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen In 1791 he French playwright and political activist Olympe de Gouges published the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen,[37] modelled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789. The Declaration is ironic in formulation and exposes the failure of the French Revolution, which had been devoted to equality. It states that: â€Å"This revolution will only take effect when all women become fully aware of their deplorable condition, and of the rights they have lost in society’. The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen ollows the seventeen articles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen point for point and has been described by Camille Naish as â€Å"almost a parody†¦ f the original document†. The first article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen proclaims that â€Å"Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on common utility. † The first article of Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen replied: â€Å"Woman is born free and remains equal to man in rights. Social distinctions may only be based on common utilityà ¢â‚¬â„¢. De Gouges expands the sixth article of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which declared the rights of citizens to take part in the formation of law, to: Australian women’s rights were lampooned in this 1887 Melbourne Punch cartoon: A hypothetical female member foists her baby’s care on the House Speaker â€Å"All citizens including women are equally admissible to all public dignities, offices and employments, according to their capacity, and with no other distinction than that of their virtues and talents†. De Gouges also draws attention to the fact that under French law women were fully punishable, yet denied equal rights. 8] Mary Wollstonecraft, a British writer and philosopher, published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792, arguing that it was the education and upbringing of women that created limited expectations. How to cite Womens rights, Papers

The Effects of Missing Letters to the Reading Comprehension free essay sample

She has two siblings, Glen Mark and Gladys Suansing. She graduated her elementary at Tagaytay Elementary School. She was a consistent character awardee. She finished her secondary education at Tagaytay City Science National High School. She is currently studying at Cavite State University taking up Bachelor of Science in Psychology. After graduating college she is planning to pursue Industrial Pschology. She wants to become a Human Resource Practitioner.This experimental research will not be complete without encouragement,assistance,support and inspiration proved by several people. The authors wish to express their sincerest appreciation and gratitude to the following persons who helped in the realization of this piece of work; To Ms. Alodia Mercado, our adviser for her sound academic guidance and moral support which enabled her to pursue this study; To Ms. Alma Fatima Reyes, for her useful comments and suggestions that improved the study; To Ms. Ivy Valerie Garcia for letting the researchers use her laptop; To To the family of the researchers,for their love and support they gave me throughout the study; My greatest praise and honor to our Lord Almighty who guided me through my most difficult moments and problems. The Effects of Missing Letter to the Reading Comprehension of 2nd year IT Students of Cavite State University. † Experimental Research. Bachelor of Science in Psychology. Cavite State University. March 2012, under the supervision of Ms. Alma Fatima Reyes. As reading plays an important role in our lives, reading comprehension is important for human progress. This experimental research proposes to investigate the effects of missing letters to the reading comprehension of students. The research is conducted at Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite. Fifteen respondents were needed for the Pre-test and the Post-test. Same person will be taking the Pre-test and Post-test. All fifteen respondents are 2nd year BS IT students of Cavite State University. The general objective of the study was to determine the Reading Comprehension of Students with missing letters. Specifically, the study aimed to determine if there was a difference between the scores obtained in the Pre-test and the scores obtained in the Post- Test. Data and information were gathered through the help of the respondents by answering the questionnaires regarding to their Reading Comprehension Skills provided by the researchers. It is a means of communicating and sharing of information. We do it automatically. It requires development, practice and understanding. When we read, we use our eyes to receive written symbols such as letters and we use our brain to convert them into words, sentences and paragraphs that communicate something to us. Many people read books, newspapers, magazines, comic books, etc. It is considered as a daily routine of other people who loved to read. Readers integrate the words they have read into their existing framework of knowledge or schema. Reading helps a lot in our vocabulary. It widens our knowledge about words. Sometimes when we encountered unfamiliar words we can’t understand it, but when we encountered the same word we already knew what its meaning because we’ve read it already read it in the past. Reading also helps us in communicating in many way for example say, your job or any job for that matter, and you need to read a contract for business purposes or even if you work at a supermarket, don’t you need to know how to read in order to send the food that a person get to the right address. This study will benefit the following beneficiaries: Respondents This study will help the respondents to be familiarized in this type of reading. The respondents will also enhance their vocabulary. Community This study will be a great help for the community in order for the people to be aware in this style of reading. School This study will benefit the school by teaching this style of reading not only for students but also for the teachers. Future Researchers This study will be a guide for the future researchers in order for them to have a background regarding to this study. This will also serve as their related literature. Scope and Limitation This study is about on how the students read and understand the meaning of a word if there is a missing letter on the word. This study will also test the vocabulary of the students. This study only involves 2nd year IT students of Cavite State University. It is composed of 15 respondents from IT students. The study also limits the short period time given to conduct this research. Definition of Terms These are some terms used in the study: Cognitive Psychology – it is the study of internal and external processes of the brain Word Superiority Effect – refers to the increase in efficiency of letter identification within words Reading Comprehension – level of understanding when reading Pattern Recognition – organization of stimuli Pre-Test – test given before the Post-test Post-Test – test given after the Pre- test Schema – past experiences Treatment levels of the independent variable Theoretical Framework This study justified the Parallel Letter Recognition. It is the model that most psychologists currently accept as most accurate is the parallel letter recognition model. This model says that the letters within a word are recognized simultaneously, and the letter information is used to recognize the words. This is a very active area of research and there are many specific models that fit into this general category. The figure below is one popular formulation of this model. [pic] Figure 1: Parallel Letter Recognition Figure 1 shows a generic activation based parallel letter recognition model. In this example, the reader is seeing the word  work. Each of the stimulus letters are processed simultaneously. The first step of processing is recognizing the features of the individual letters, such as horizontal lines, diagonal lines, and curves. The details of this level are not critical for our purposes. These features are then sent to the letter detector level, where each of the letters in the stimulus word are recognized simultaneously. The letter level then sends activation to the word detector level. The  W  in the first letter detector position sends activation to all the words that have a  W  in the first position (WORD  and  WORK). The  O  in the second letter detector position sends activation to all the words that have an  O  in the second position (FORK,  WORD, and  WORK). While  FORK  and  WORD  have activation from three of the four letters,  WORK  has the most activation because it has all four letters activated, and is thus the recognized word. Conceptual Framework Fig. 2 This study aimed to know the difference between the Pre-test and Post-test scores of the students in their reading comprehension. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents the related topics and studies regarding this study. It also presents the synthesis of all the topics. Pattern Recognition Our ability to recognize familiar types of things is a spectacular human characteristic. This attribute allows us to recognize an old friend in a sea of faces, to identify an entire musical theme from a few notes, to read words, to enjoy the taste of a vintage wine, or to appreciate the smell of a rose. It is a cognitive endowment that we mostly perform seamlessly, rapidly, and without much effort. In our everyday life, we use pattern recognition all the time, yet the cognitive structures which support pattern recognition are only recently understood. Cognitive Psychology, 6th edition, Robert Solso, p. 109) Researchers have discovered that top-down processing can influence our ability to recognize a variety of objects. It also influences our ability to recognize letters during reading. Most of the research on this topic examines how context helps us recognize letters of the alphabet. Psychologists who study reading have realized for decades that a theory of recogn ition would be inadequate if it were based only as the information in the stimulus. (Cognition, 5th edition, Margaret Mathin, p. 42) Immediacy of Interpretation One of the important principles to emerge in studied of language processing is called the principle of immediacy of interpretation. Basically this principle says that people try to extract as much meaning out of each word as it arrives, and they do not wait until the end of sentences or even the ends of phrases to decide or how to interpret a word. For instance, Just and Carpenter (1980) studied the eye movements of subjects as they read a sentence. While reading a sentence, subjects will typically fixate or almost every word. Just and Carpenter find that the time subjects spend fixating or word is basically proportional to the amount of information provided by a word. Thus, if a sentence contain or relatively unfamiliar or a surprising word, they pause in that word. (Cognitive Psychology Its Interpretation,John R. Anderson) Reading Comprehension Reading comprehension is a complex undertaking that involves many levels of processing. One of the most fundamental aspects of comprehensi on is the ability to deal with unfamiliar words encountered in text. Readers who struggle with word-level tasks use up valuable cognitive space that could be allotted to deeper levels of text analysis. It is not enough to rely on context cues to predict the meaning of new words, since this strategy often results in erroneous or superficial understandings of key terms, especially in content-area reading (Paynter, Bodrova, Doty, 2005). Mature readers need to possess a basic knowledge of â€Å"how words work† and a set of strategies for approaching new words encountered throughout the day. (http://www. edu. gov. on. ca/eng/research/mcquirter. pdf) How word knowledge affects reading comprehension Vocabulary knowledge is one of the best predictors of reading achievement (Richek, 2005). Bromley (2004), in a comprehensive review of research on vocabulary development, concludes that vocabulary knowledge promotes reading fluency, boosts reading comprehension, improves academic achievement, and enhances thinking and communication. Spelling is also an important consideration in reading comprehension. The concepts about sound patterns that children learn in the early years through invented spelling and direct spelling instruction help them to decode new words in their reading. As they mature and begin to spell longer and more complex words, children apply the concepts of base words, prefixes, and suffixes to their spelling. This knowledge of morphology, in turn, helps them to deconstruct longer words encountered in their reading. Templeton (2004) argues that spelling knowledge provides the basis for explicit awareness and understanding of morphology, which, in turn, may guide the systematic growth of vocabulary knowledge. Considering the strength of vocabulary knowledge in predicting reading achievement, the complex interrelationships among these areas are significant. (http://www. edu. gov. on. ca/eng/research/mcquirter. pdf) Missing letter effect In cognitive psychology, the missing letter effect refers to the finding that, when people are asked to consciously detect target letters while reading text, they miss more letters in frequent, function words (e. g. the letter t in the) than in less frequent, content words. The missing letter effect has also been referred to as the reverse word superiority effect, since it describes a phenomenon where letters in more frequent words fail to be identified, instead of letter identification benefitting from increased word frequency. The effect is usually measured using a paper-and-pencil procedure, where readers are asked to circle a target letter every time they come across it while reading a short passage. The missing letter effect is more likely to appear when reading words that are part of a normal sequence, than when words are embedded in a mixed-up sequence (e. g. readers asked to read backwards). The missing-letter effect for common function words It has been proposed that function words such as for and on conceal their letters because their higher familiarity allows fast access to their unitized representations. However, this study shows that letter detection in function words varies with their linguistic role in text. When such words were embedded in a phrase where they were forced into a content role by the surrounding context (e. g. , for or against or on switch ), letter detection improved markedly and did not differ from that of matched content words. The result was replicated when the context preceding the function word and the overall sentential meaning were equated for both function and content usages.

50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans)

50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans) 50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans) 50+ Words That Describe Animals (Including Humans) By Mark Nichol As much as many humans have tried to deny, or have conveniently ignored, that Homo sapiens is just another species of fauna, writers readily use animals or their (sometimes supposed) characteristics to describe people. Words like catty, dogged, foxy, and slothful all attest to the vivid imagery that easily arises when we compare people to various other species. In addition, we speak and write of somebody eating like a bird (to refer to light gustatory habits, though many birds seem downright voracious if you watch them dining), drinking like a fish, or behaving like a bull in a china shop. Some idioms, however, contradict each other, such as â€Å"Work like a dog† and â€Å"(living) a dog’s life.† Simple adjectives such as those in the first paragraph are more useful for narrative descriptions of people than the idiomatic phrases just above, but Latinate terms for animals can be even more helpful in describing people. Among the examples below, some, such as those for references to dogs (â€Å"canine loyalty†) and cats (â€Å"feline grace†), are perhaps too ubiquitous to be effective. Asinine, on the other hand, is more recognizable as a term to describe a human characteristic than in its original usage (in this case, to refer to a donkey), which might spoil it for literary allusion. Yet others, such as anguine, a word for a snake, may be too obscure to be helpful (though its synonyms serpentine and viperine are rich in descriptive force). And how about using taurine to describe a glowering bruiser, or lupine for a predatory lothario, or vulpine for a cunning schemer? You might even go out on an evolutionary limb and use pavonine to refer to a male fashion plate. (Your readers can always look it up.) Alternatively, give your humorous novel a Dickensian flair with a rapacious Mr. Selachian, a harridan named Mrs. Soricine, or a prickly or sharp-tongued person dubbed Miss Hystricine or Master Vespa. If nothing else, simply employ the terms below as inspirations for drawing, in words, your fictional characters or nonfictional subjects: acciptrine (falcon, hawk) anatine, anserine (goose) anguine, colubrine, elapine, serpentine, viperine (snake) apic, apian, apiarian (bee) aquiline (eagle) arachnine, arachnoid (spider) asinine (donkey) batrachian, ranine (frog, toad) bovine (cow, bison) cancrine (crab) canine (dog) caprine (goat) cervine (deer, elk, moose) cetacean, cetaceous (whale) corvine (crow) cygnine (swan) delphine (dolphin, porpoise) dipterous (fly) elephantine, proboscine, proboscidean (elephant) equine (horse) eusuchian (alligator) feline (cat) formic, myrmecine (ant) galline (chicken) gastropodian (snail) helminthic, vermian (worm) larine (gull) leporine, leverine (hare, rabbit) lupine (wolf) murine (mouse, rat) musteline (badger, ferret, weasel) noctillionine, pteropine (bat) ostracine (oyster) otarine, phocine (seal) ovine (sheep) passerine (bird) pavonine (peacock) pieridine, pierine (butterfly) piscine (fish) porcine (pig) sciurine (squirrel) scyphozoan (jellyfish) simian (ape, monkey) soricine (shrew) taurine (bull) testudine (tortoise) ursine (bear) vespine (wasp, hornet) vituline (calf) vulpine (fox) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know16 Misquoted QuotationsList of 50 Compliments and Nice Things to Say!

Militarization of the US Mexico Broder essays

Militarization of the US Mexico Broder essays Militarization of the U.S. Mexico Border  ¡Corranle, allà ­ viene la migra!, translated into English, this means Run, there comes immigration! This is what illegal immigrants shout everyday when they are about to cross the Rio Grande in search for better lives. Unfortunately, not many get through alive because of the militarization that has developed on the U.S. border with Mexico. Operation Rio Grande continues a process put in motion over a century ago by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. It tries to erase the reality of a social geographical order that defies neat national divisions and impose a narrow notion of citizenship on people on both sides of the international boundary. In the process, the U.S., like all countries to varying degrees, elevates national citizenship to a position of primacy and lessens the inherent humanity of those on the wrong side of the social and territorial boundaries. Operation Rio Grande, launched in August 1997, in Brownsville, Texas, was a special multi-year operation designed to gain and maintain control of specific border areas through a combination of new technology and additional staffing. At the start of the operation, 69 Border Patrol agents were detailed to Brownsville to intensify existing enforcement effort. In September of that same year, the Border Patrol deployed special response teams to those ports-of-entry where increased numbers of fraudulent entry was expected. In the Fiscal Year of 1998, 260 new Border Patrol agents were added to the McAllen Sector and 205 to the Laredo Sector. An important feature of Operation Rio Grande has been the integration of a broad range of INS enforcement operations. Studies show that the crime rate in Brownsville alone dropped by more than 20% in 1998. (U.S. INS) The origins of the U.S. Mexico boundary are to be found in the imperial competition between Spain, France, and Britain for possessions in North Amer...

Hiistory Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hiistory - Assignment Example 2. A response to the given statement should seek to make the speaker understand how the views expressed by him are a result of the colonialist discourse that not only wiped out thousands of Native Americans, but also seeks to erase any memory of them. History, as they say, is written by the victorious. This is an example of an attempt to remove the subaltern from books of history. 3. A significant difference in the way Native Americans perceived the world from the Europeans was in the way gender roles was organized. They followed a matrilineal system of inheritance. This meant that women were the ones who held property. This would mean that a much greater respect was accorded to women. This is a significant difference from the Europeans who settled in America and denied property rights to women and treated them as inferior to men. 4. Slavery in Africa was carried out by the indigenous tribes of the place who belonged to the same race. Slavery existed as a part of the social fabric th at placed the peasants and the slaves together, with the peasants on a higher plane than the slaves. This later was a factor in the export of slaves from Africa. Slavery in the Americas, however, was carried out by people of different races. ... A group of aristocrats were also part of the group of migrants who landed in America, for the purpose of administration of the new colony. Another reason why the English people migrated to North America was the most obvious and probably the most important reason-the search for new land and resources to augment the development of England. 6. The primary reason why England wanted to establish colonies was to procure more resources from another continent that would enable a greater standard of living for its own population. Apart from this, it was also easy for the British to get a lot of indigenous products that belonged to the native tribes by cheating them or through extortion. Trade, thus was another important reason for England to establish colonies in North America. Another reason for England to establish colonies in North America was the political situation at the time when England was engaged in a great rivalry with the French and wanted to compete with them in their trade with the Native Americans. 7. An Indentured servant is a laborer who works without any wages and is provided food, clothing, shelter and transportation. The initial immigrants of North America found it very difficult to procure servants to work in the fields because of the high wages that had to be paid. Indentured servants helped solve this problem and formed a part of the society that helped build the colonies in North America. Later, they formed an important part of the population of these countries as they did not leave them for their homelands. 8. A similarity between the colonies in Africa and the colonies in North America was the fact that in both of these places, the

Human Resource Leadership in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Leadership in Education - Essay Example Human resource development is the process of increasing the knowledge, skills and capacities of all the people in the society. In economic term it would be described as the account of the human capital and its effective investment in the development of an economy in political terms Human resource development prepares people to admit participation in political processes, from social and cultural points of vias it helps pple to lead fuller and riches lives that are less bound by tradition. In general the process of human resource development unlocks the door to modernization. Human resources are developed in many ways. Formal education is the most obvious, beginning with pry or 1st level education, continuing with various forms of secondary education, and then higher education including colleges, higher technical institutes and universities. Human resources are also developed through systematic or informal training programs in employing institutions, and adult education programs and through membership in various political, social, religious and cultural groups. Another process is self development as individuals seek to acquire greater knowledge skills or capacity through preparation on their own initiative by taking formal or correspondence courses, by reading or learning from others in formal contacts. Other process include; Improvement in the health of the workers through better medical and public health programs and improvement in nutrition, which increase the working capacity of people, on a man-hour basis as well as over a working life, which may cause economic growth. Human resource leadership has been a very important factor in the general development of Georgia state. There has been considerable growth and development in its education sector both in rural and urban area

Company Law Overview

Company Law Overview Table of Contents Advantages of forming a incorporating company.. Differences between private limited company and public limited company.. Disadvantages of forming a company A company limited by shares, limited by guarantee or unlimited Three ways the Company Act 2006 has affected private companies Documents required for registration.. Role of Registrar of companies What is the effect of section 33 of Companies Act 2006. Corporate personality and effect on Jack and Jill.. Bibliography.. Advantages of forming a incorporating company The process of formation (registration) incorporated company is regulated by law in the Companies Act 2006. Summarised below the main advantages of incorporating the company. Limited Liability The most important of the advantages of incorporation is its limited liability, what means that the legal responsibility of shareholders is limited to the amount paid on their shares. The most important thing for Jack and Jill might be that their personal assets will not be put at risk. Separate Legal Identity The limited liability company is a legal entity separate from the board and its members (shareholders). And again, any debts made by the company will not be borne personally. Protection of Company Name The name of the company must be unique and no one else cannot use it. However the choice of company name is restricted and complies with the rules. Continuity In case that Directors, management and employees leave, retire, die it doesnt mean that the company will be winding up. Once the company is formed it will be exist till insolvency, bankruptcy, liquidation or other cause of the courts or Registrar of Companies. Taxation Sole traders and partnership companies pay income tax but the companies pay corporation tax which has currently lower rate than income tax. There are also wider range of allowances and tax deductible costs which decreases the taxable profit. Differences between private limited company and public limited company DIFFERENCES PUBLIC COMPANIES PRIVATE COMPANIES NAME Must end with ‘Public Limited Company or PLC Must end with Private Limited Company or LTD (unless the company is unlimited) SHARE CAPITAL Must have a minimum subscribed share capital of  £50,000 and this must be paid up to at least 25% (at least  £12,500 must already have been raised by the issue of shares) No limit on share capital SHARES The company may offer its shares and debentures to the public (stock exchange) Cannot be advertised for sale or listed on the stock exchange DIRECTORS At least 2 One director COMPANY SECRETARY Must have suitably qualified company secretary There is no obligation to have a secretary, if there is one does not need to be qualified ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING Must hold every calendar year No obligation, of AGM, unless there is the decision to have one Disadvantages of forming a company In the first stage of the formation of a company must be prepared various documents, such as: memorandum of association and articles of association, a statement of capital and declaration of compliance, which must be delivered to the registrar of companies at Companies House. This stage is more laborious and complicated in comparison to the partnership and therefore incorporated companies will take longer to set up. The company also must have a unique name and gain unique number from Registrar of Companies. To set up the company there must be paid fees which make this type of company more expensive to set up. Also, there are extensive legal issues that have to be complied with. The various ongoing formalities must fill and publicity include the companys directors, secretary, also the financial accounts (which can be viewed by individual or other companies), the annual return of the company, and constitution. A company limited by shares, limited by guarantee or unlimited Limited by shares what means that the liability of the members (shareholders) of the company is limited by the memorandum to the amount capital originally invested. That will protect the shareholders private assets in the event of the company will announce bankruptcy. This kind of liability I would advice to Jack and Jills company as their private assets will not be involved in case of insolvency. Limited by guarantee means that the liability of shareholders is limited to the amount which they have undertaken or guaranteed to pay if company winding up. This kind of liability has normally been formed for educational or charitable purposes, and may or not have a share capital. If there is a share capital, the shareholders liability is for the amount of his shares and also to the amount of guarantee. Companies with no share capital normally gain funds by subscription or endowments. Unlimited means that there is no limit of the liability of the shareholders. Unlikely to the partnership the shareholders are not directly liable to creditors, but they are liable to the company. However, their liability is the same as partners. Three ways the Company Act 2006 has affected private companies In the Company Act 2006 many of the changes has applied to small private companies and its one of the most important rules is a simplification of the corporate regime. Some of these rules will be presented below: The company makes the decision if they wish to appoint the company secretary, as they are no longer obligated to do so. The shareholders written resolutions are no longer has to be unanimity. The simple majority of the eligible shares for ordinary resolutions, but 75% for special resolutions. The Act gives a possibility of reducing share capital by a company without obtaining the court order. Also reduces the period of filing the accounts from 10 to 9 from the financial year end. Documents required for registration 1. The memorandum of association This document is also known as an external constitution of the company, and determines key features of the companys status. From 1st of October 2009 the document was simplified and does not contain too much information, but it has to be prepared by those who wants to form an incorporation company under Company Act 2006. This must contain the subscribers names and signatures and if the company has a share capital, each of the member must have at least one share. 2. The articles of association (CA 2006 s. 18) The article of association (also known as internal constitution of the company) is the most important because it determines how company will be operate and regulates the rights between members, directors and company. The company has a right to make a changes to articles but it has to be done during the general meeting and the copy should be delivered, within 15 days from the day the changes were enacted, to the Registrar of Companies. The articles of association must be sign This document must be signed by each subscriber of the memorandum in the presence of a one witness and usually areas such as: Rights, duties and responsibilities of the directors; General meetings’ organization; Company’s members voting rights; Shares issues and transfers, shares’ classes, share certificates; Paying dividends and etc. To make easier preparation of this document for the companies, Companies House has prepared standard article of association and might be adapted by this company. All of these documents are available to download from Companies House website: http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk/; but also can be received from: company formation agents, accountants or legal stationers. 3. IN01 form The registration application (which contains the statement of compliance) The name of the company might be chosen, by those of setting up the company, of any name they wish, however there is certain rules which must be kept. The situate of the office of the company A statement of the objects of the company A statement of the limitation of liability of the company A capital clause stating the amount of the share capital which is authorised and the division of the share capital into shares of a stated amount Role of Registrar of companies The Companies Act 2006 makes the rules how the documentation should be filled in Companies House. The Registrar of Companies is responsible to record and control from companies either new or existing, to incorporate and dissolve companies, regulates formation of new companies and changes of existing companies, and also deals with any breaches of Companies Act. The section 1117 Companies Act covers where is stated the form, delivery’s manner, method of authentication, whether delivered electronically or as a paper document. The one of responsibility isto make the information available to the public. The names can be checked on Companies House website before formation, but also Registrar of Companies will check that if it is consistent with rules. The name of the company must be chosen very carefully, and the best way to make it easy to memorise is to make it as logical to the company activity as it possible. The name cannot be similar to other companies and should be too long as the long names are difficult to memorise. The words cannot be used but might be if the company will receive a written permission from the Department of Constitutional Affairs. These words are: Royal, Queen, King. The words used by a company without a permission such as: â€Å"Solicitor† or â€Å"Patent Agent†; might be treated as criminal offence. There is also words that company will need to get a written specified bodys permission, and they are: British, English, International, Group or Association. What is the effect of section 33 of Companies Act 2006 In the Section 33 of Companies Act 2006 that is provided information for a statutory contract between the company and its members; each member of the company and other companies. Over the years this contract have made a lot of controversy and confusion. The main question is if the contract might be enforced by members, to make sure that the right associated with them in another role such as the right given to a director who is also a member. In the members rights were breached, the company can be sued by them. Corporate personality and effect on Jack and Jill Corporate personality means that the company is treated as a legal entity and its personality exist independently from its owners, directors and shareholders. That means also that the company is liable for its own debts and can sue but it can be sued in its own name and also a company can buy and sell properties in its own name. The limited liability of the company means that the shareholders are not liable on its private assets for the debts belongs to the company (as the company and the owners are two separate entity). This might be one of main advantages to register the company by Jack and Jill with Companies House. In case of any problems with liquidity of the company, problems with paying companys liability such as loans or debenture, Jack and Jill private assets will be safe from creditors of the company. The case Salomon v A. Salomon Co. Ltd (1887) will illustrate and will be the best example the separate entity: Mr Salomon owned a boot-making business which was sold to another company A. Salomon Co. Ltd, which had been formed by the same Salomon. â€Å"There were seven members in the business: his wife, daughter and four sons who took one share each and Salomon himself who took 20,000 shares. The price paid by the company to Salomon was  £30,000 but instead of giving him cash, the business gave him 20,000 fully paid shares and  £10,000 in the secured debentures i.e. he lent the company  £10,000 which was owed to Salomon and  £7000 to unsecured creditors. The unsecured creditors claimed that as Salomon Co Ltd was really the same person, he could not owe money to himself and that they should be paid their  £7000 first. Held: The House of Lords stated that Salomon was entitled to the  £6000 and the unsecured creditors got nothing. The reason for this decision was that the company was to be regarded as a completely separate person in the eyes of the law from its members and its officers. The House of Lords thought it a completely irrelevant argument that Salomon was the leading shareholder in the company and that he could effectively control the destiny of the business.[1] Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd has been taken from book Nicholas Grier, â€Å"Company Law, Second Edition†, Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005) Bibliography: Nicholas Grier, â€Å"Company Law, Second Edition†, Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005 Websites used: http://www.bridgewest.eu/ http://startups.co.uk/ http://www.companieshouse.gov.uk http://www.companylawclub.co.uk/ 1 [1] Case Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd has been taken from book Nicholas Grier, â€Å"Company Law, Second Edition†, Scotland: W. Green Son Ltd, 2005)

Reflective Journal: Leadership and Management

The Business MilieuSkin Solutions is a clinic that offers medical esthetic services to treat various skin imperfections other than providing remedies for skin diseases. It employs 6 licensed medical estheticians and one doctor of dermatology to look after patients who come for consultation and treatment. Facilities include a spa, and three spacious rooms for performing extractions, facials, and treatments for skin nourishment.To meet the needs and the demand of clients who come to the clinic, investments in the latest technologies for improving and treating skin imperfections have been made. Tools of the trade consisted of state-of-the art equipment and lasers, and computerized analysis of skin imperfections among others to boast of. This was therefore one of the reasons why customers were satisfied that they always came back to avail of other services and even brought with them a friend or two to promote what the clinic could also do for them.The skin clinic has always been full of customers that keeping the clinic open from 9am to 8pm was not enough to accommodate all the patients that wanted to be checked in a day. Some patients would have themselves enlisted at the front desk first and then either wait outside the clinic or just check back a few hours after strolling around the mall. Some patients would also call in and make appointments for the following day so they could be sure that they wouldn’t have to wait in line when they come for consultation and treatment in the coming day.I was a medical intern in dermatology when all this was happening. I observed that many attempts to compete with the style and service of the clinic have been made by others to no avail. They often wondered about what business secret was held by the clinic that allows them to click with the public.My mentor was not only a cousin. She is the clinic’s owner and dermatologist; considered a prime mover in modern medical and cosmetic esthetics in our area. She was an in spiration to others in the same field as well as for others who were not into the esthetics business but who were like her, an entrepreneur who had a vision for her enterprise.What did you learn about yourself: Lessons on maturity?I somewhat felt anxious and uncomfortable by being a protà ©gà © of a cousin. Having a relative for a coach was sometimes embarrassing for we’ve known each other far deeper than anybody else did in the clinic and so, it was easy for the coach to point out my mistakes and weaknesses. I on the other hand would sometimes be too proud to admit them but knew deep inside that the coach was right and that I had to lower my pride and accept her corrections for it was, after all, for my own good.What I admire about my cousin was that she would raise the level of our relationship at work to one that is strictly professional. With this, I learned that her goal was always of maturity – of following a purpose and not the personality who runs with that p urpose. This valuable character I have learned to accept for myself as I observed her ways in leadership.In my case, it seemed that I had the tendency to follow a person for their personality as though I were a teenager. This, I felt was a mark of immaturity that had to be changed. But when one sees a personality’s purpose and follows that purpose, then he or she is likely to succeed. I realized then that being mature entails adopting marks of maturity, one of which is having a sense of purpose for it is this purpose that causes one to act and move a certain way and make decisions that will lead to success.What did you learn about yourself: Lessons on DeterminationAnother key lesson learned was that we don’t just have to be in the business. Rather, we should be in the business in such a way that we want to succeed and win. A winning attitude is what makes businesses flourish and sustain competence in a domain where there seems to be many competitors. I have learned to adopt that attitude and be determined to be and do the best, not settling for the mediocre.What did you learn about yourself: Lessons on DirectionAnother message that proved significant to me was a lesson involving direction. One may be determined to be the best in business but this determination is nothing if one does not have a direction for the business. Two things I realized that will set a person’s direction in life and business are purpose and focus.Purpose gives meaning to one’s life and trade. For the business to grow, advance, and prosper, purpose is an essential ingredient. Focus on the other hand leads the direction towards a goal. Running aimlessly will amount to nothing. Doing many things for the business without focus will not accomplish something laudable. But when one has purpose and focus in pursuing dreams, goals, and visions for the business, then a direction is charted, a course is followed, and a heritage is handed down.What did you learn about you rself: Lessons on HeritageLearning secrets of the trade is a privilege that ought to be cherished. Those closest to my cousin in the business besides me, were the six medical estheticians who have grown to love their work at the clinic. They have become skilled at customer relations, medical dealings, and the dos and don’ts of the industry. The good thing about our mentor is that she was a constant source of business knowledge. She shares with us a knowledge that is not temporary but one that will last. She expects that this knowledge will bear fruit and help establish businesses in the future that will hold the same philosophies.Prerequisites of heritage I then realized while receiving training include focus and the heart to communicate one’s vision. This vision includes making partisans and training them to become future leaders in their desired trade. The goal was to make replicas of one’s self or people who may be better than the mentor. With this, the idea is to focus by fervently believing in the vision and forgetting about things that does not run with this vision of success.I realized that in order for a heritage to be built, a leader must have conviction and learn to communicate something that he or she lives for, and then her protà ©gà © will follow. The second prerequisite was building the right foundation. Mentors are pillars of foundation who are present to support their charges. The values they treasure are priceless, indispensable and effective. Investing these in trainees will be beneficial for the success of the company.What did you learn about yourself: Lessons on DisciplineIn all these things, I also learned the value of discipline. There’s a cost for success. Strict training in all aspects of running the business is important to maintain business and financial health. What we want is to please both our human resources and then of course, our clientele. To achieve this, therefore, is to sacrifice time to learn a bout proper ethics of the trade, people skills and influence, the latest technology involved, and also learn about the rates for effectiveness of each technology and treatment.Mastering the treatment strategies, these tools, and providing customers with quality service is essential in making them come back to avail of more services. The quality of care rendered includes properly informing clients about their skin problems and providing them with treatment options to choose from. Educating them about what is best for their skin, and what alternatives they can do to maintain its health is also crucial for multiplying customers who will come for consultation in the future.What did you learn about yourself: Personal DiscoveriesI thought I knew what it took to run a successful business. I always thought that having the latest technology was enough to draw clients into the clinic. I realized later that this was not enough. Personal qualities also needed polishing and development. Professi onalism is first and foremost an aspect that needs to be learned, developed, and practiced. Without this, one’s business values will be poor and will cause the business to suffer.How did this activity strengthen your self leadership skills?The activity has allowed introspection to be done. As I examined myself regarding my feelings, thoughts, and motives about management and leadership, I found myself dealing with bad habits and replacing them with the principles I gained from training. I’ve learned to be more mature in dealing with people and in running a business. To chart the course of the business and believe that it can be achieved.I’ve learned how to develop and polish a vision with which I can run with and communicate to others so that they may be partners in making the business progress. I also learned the value of discipline and what needs to be done to keep a healthy and happy enterprise. I adopted all these and noticed changes in the way I conducted b usiness deals. Thus far, the feedbacks I’ve obtained were all positive. I am grateful for the lessons and insights I gained from the activity for it has made me a better person and now I swell with pride and would like to share these with others also.How did this activity improve your communication/interpersonal skills?People are important for it is they who can make or break a business. People skills need to be developed to help the business grow. With the strategies I gained from the activity, I was able to expand my people-making skills and increase my influence by maintaining rapport with clients. Being able to inform the clients properly and educating them about dos and don’ts in skin care helped enhance my skills in interpersonal communication. Keeping a smile, greeting customers, providing suggestions, and exchanging ideas with people around me proved a big help for enriching my communication skills.Rough roads, detours or roadblocksThus far, no hindrances or ba rriers have been experienced. The only thing I remember was that uncomfortable feeling on having a cousin for a trainer. But when this feeling is eliminated and pride is lowered to welcome corrections and good instruction, then everything will go well.Comments on personal effectivenessI’ve adopted the principles myself and utilized these every time I go to the clinic. Other than that, I also use the principles of people and influence to my advantage to polish my interpersonal communication skills. Feedbacks have been very positive and I use this as my yardstick for effectiveness.Was this a valuable experience for you? Importance of the ActivityOn the job training is an effective tool in developing a person’s character, business knowledge, and skills. The activity for me was a very valuable experience because I learned first hand what it takes to own and manage a business, be an effective and efficient business leader, and be an exemplary figure for others to follow. It helps if one works side by side with a leader. The leader’s character, life principles, philosophies, and strategies are learned immediately. Other than this, being with such people is encouraging because one gets stimulated to do the same things they do, think the same way they do, and compose one’s self as they do.Leaders are catalysts for improvement. Living by their example will make persons significant in their chosen field of activity in the future.

Evaluating the Socio Economic Impact of the Structural Adjustment Program Essay

These have left most SSA countries with acute balance of payments (BOP) disequilibria and an inability to service their debts to foreign bodies. In an effort to tackle the economic crises and to stimulate economic recovery, most African countries had to adjust and re-structure their economies. According to Dasgupta (1998), structural adjustment was seen as a fact of life. Thus in the 1980s, most African countries initiated economic policies which were sponsored by the World Bank and supplemented by the International Monetary Fund(IMF) in the form of stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes (SAP). Between June 1986 and July 1987 alone twenty one SSA countries went through World Bank/IMF SAP. Generally, SAPs entail policies designed by the world Bank/IMF aimed at improving the socioeconomic conditions of implementing nations by restoring economic stability and achieving long term growth through addressing structural weakness, and disequilibria in among others government budgets and external sector. More precisely, they involve the adoption and implementation of policies such as currency devaluation, trade liberalization, privatization, and removal of subsidies etc. hich are perceived as means of reversing the pervasive social and economic problems of developing nations. There has been a considerable amount of literature on the effects of SAP measures on less developed countries (LDCs) with no apparent consensus. On the one hand, international financial institutions (IFIs) maintain that SAPs are vital tools for economic recovery and sustainable economic growth. On the other hand , many economists and social scientists argue that SAP measures have led to recessions and poor standards of living in developing countries (Jauch 1999). Thus, the impacts of SAPs remain highly controversial. Even though there are disparities as to the exact effects of SAPs, it is generally accepted that they have far reaching implications for not only the macroeconomic environment of the countries concerned but society at large (Mosley and Weeks, 1993, Riddle, 1992, Stein, 1992, El-Tom, 1994, World Bank, 1994). It is against this background that this dissertation attempts to study and analyse the effects of SAP on the Nigerian economy. The choice of Nigeria as a case study is due to the fact that it has implemented one of the most radical structural adjustment programmes in Africa. Thus the question which posed is, what impact if any has SAP had on the Nigerian economy. Before we proceed, it should be emphasised that this dissertation subsumes IMF stabilisation programmes under World Bank structural adjustment programmes. The reason for this is that the two programmes are intertwined and this is done also for simplicity. . 2 Aims and Objectives This paper aims to explore the role SAP has played in the Nigerian economy. The major objective of the project is to offer a better understanding as to why, what and how structural adjustment program in Nigeria evolved. The primary focal point is to inspect the basis for and causes of the reforms, formulation and implementation processes, and the reform outcomes. The precise objectives of the dissertation are as follows: First, to provide a better understanding of the backgr ound to the economic crises in Nigeria that led to SAP * Second, to outline the objectives of SAP and the reforms implemented by the Nigerian government * Third, to analyse the macroeconomic and social consequences of implementing SAP in Nigeria 1. 3 Methodology and data To evaluate the effects of SAP on the Nigerian economy, the dissertation applies so-called ‘before-after approach’ which in its essence compares the values of selected variables in the period before a program is implemented to those of post-implementation. This approach has been one of the most widely used when evaluating SAP. One of the main advantages of the approach is that it can give an insight into whether structural adjustment improved key economic indicators. The major shortcoming of the methodology employed in this paper is that it assumes that all outcomes are the result of the programme itself and thus does not take into account the impacts of others factors. Another limitation is that it does not reveal the causes of variable changes. However, in spite of the fact that the before-after approach may have some degree of bias as an estimation procedure, it nevertheless, has inherent objectivity and is relatively easy to employ. The dissertation relies on secondary data – mainly World Development Indicators. In addition, various government publications are utilised. In the case of Nigeria, the lack of data and the quality of data available had a major constraint on the study. The data were often found to be unavailable and there were discrepancies in the different data sources.